The licenses that led to fines for Radisson and Groseillier were issued by which government?

• A. The French government
• B. The English Parliament
• C. The Spanish Crown
• D. The Dutch East India Company

Answer: (A)

Licenses for fur trading in New France came from the French government. Radisson and Groseillier sought official permission from the French crown to operate in the northern fur trade, including areas around Hudson Bay, and the licenses they received were issued by France. Those licenses carried rules and obligations, and violations could lead to fines. So the authority behind the licenses—and the fines—was the French government, not the English Parliament, the Spanish Crown, or the Dutch East India Company.